Multidisciplinary Journals for Research & Reviews | ijmrr.online

[1] TINY ML MEETS EDGE AI: INNOVATIONS IN EMBEDDED AI FOR IOT AND SMART SYSTEMS

2026-04-02T19:14:19+00:00

Tiny ML and Edge AI are changing the IoT and smart devices and embedded systems by making it possible to perform real-time ondevice decision-making. These technologies enable devices to do the processing locally and limit dependence on the cloud-based system, minimize latency, as well as, increase privacy and security. TinyML allows devices with limited resources to perform intelligent tasks in IoT applications, which do not need high-level computation power.This review discusses how Edge AI combined with TinyML is
transforming such sectors as autonomous vehicles, smart cities, healthcare and industrial automation. We talk about energy-saving
algorithms, low-latency usage, and scalable designs and such issues as memory constraints, power usage, and data privacy. Future
research in the areas of federated learning, hardware-software co design and on-device learning is also mentioned in the paper. In the
IoT ecosystem, Tiny ML and Edge AI together are laying the groundwork for increasingly independent, effective, and intelligent systems.

[2] কেনোপনিষদের প্রেক্ষিতে উমা : একটি সমীক্ষা

2026-04-02T19:42:45+00:00

বিশ্বের প্রাচীনতম রচনা হল ‘বেদ’। এই বেদের চতুর্থ সোপান হল ‘উপনিষদ্’। উপনিষত্সমূহের মধ্যে সামবেদীয় কেনোপনিষদ্ অন্যতম। এই উপনিষদে যুদ্ধে বিজয়ী দেবতাদের মানমর্দনের জন্য ব্রাহ্মী চেতনা রূপ যক্ষোপাখ্যান বর্ণিত রয়েছে। অভিমানী দেবতাদের সমীপে বিদ্যারূপী উমাদেবী প্রকটিত হয়ে ব্রহ্মের স্বরূপ, পরম ব্রহ্মের উপাসনার উপায়, ব্রহ্মের মহিমা বর্ণনা করেছেন এবং এই উপাখ্যানে উমা ব্রহ্মজ্ঞানসম্পন্না, বিদ্যাবতী, বেদবাণীস্বরূপা নারীরূপে তাৎপর্য্য মণ্ডিত হয়েছেন। কেনোপনিষদ্- এ বর্ণিত এই উমা কীভাবে সমগ্র নারী সমাজের প্রতিনিধিত্ব করছেন তা এই প্রবন্ধে তুলে ধরা হয়েছে।

[3] ECHOES OF RESISTANCE: RECONSTRUCTING IDENTITY IN THE LITERATURE OF MAYA ANGELOU

2026-04-02T19:48:16+00:00

Maya Angelou is an important part of the modern American literary discourse, expressing the themes of perseverance, identity, and
change both in verse and autobiographical prose. Located in a sociohistorical context of racial segregation, gender discrimination, and
personal trauma, the oeuvre of Angelou is not limited to the individual narrative but to the challenges of dignity and personal affirmation of self-worth of a group. This paper questions the way that Angelou uses literary expression as a way of reinventing self and fighting marginalization. The study conducts a close textual analysis of the chosen poems, especially, Caged Bird and Still I Rise, aiming to observe how the experience of oppression begins to change into the statement of strengths, agency, and hope. The paper argues that cultural change is a significant tool that the literary voice of Angelou, whose literary purpose is not simply self-expression, but instead, makes her work timelessly available in the current identity and social injustice discourses.

[4] ন্যায়ামৃত ও অদ্বৈতসিদ্ধি অবলম্বনে মোক্ষ বিষয়ক বিচার

2026-04-02T20:11:24+00:00

মধ্যাচার্য ব্রহ্মসূত্রের উপর যে ভাষ্য রচনা করেন সেই ভাষ্য দ্বৈতভাষ্য নামে প্রসিদ্ধ। মধ্যাচার্যের ভাষ্য অনুসরণ করিয়া পরবর্তীকালে আচার্য জয়তীর্থ, আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ, রামাচার্য, শ্রীনিবাসাচার্য প্রমুখ মাধ্ব আচার্যগণ অদ্বৈত গ্রন্থসমূহকে সূক্ষ্মভাবে খণ্ডন করেন। এই কারণে পরবর্তীকালে মাধ্ব গ্রন্থসমূহই অদ্বৈতবাদের বিরুদ্ধে পূর্বপক্ষরূপে বিবেচিত হইয়া থাকে। নব্য বৈদান্তিকদের নিকট মাধ্ব পক্ষই প্রধান পূর্বপক্ষরূপে বিবেচিত হইত। মাধ্ব আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ বিরচিত ন্যায়ামৃত গ্রন্থ অবলম্বনে মুক্তি বিষয়ে অদ্বৈত মতের বিরুদ্ধে যে মাধ্ব সম্প্রদায়ের আপত্তিসমূহ তাহা বিস্তৃতরূপে উপস্থাপিত হইবে। দ্বিতীয় অনুচ্ছেদে অদ্বৈতসিদ্ধি অবলম্বনে আচার্য মধুসূদন সরস্বতী বিরচিত অদ্বৈতসিদ্ধি অবলম্বনে এই সমস্ত মাধ্ব আপত্তি খণ্ডন করা হইবে। আচার্য ব্যাসতীর্থ তাহার ন্যায়ামৃত গ্রন্থের চতুর্থ পরিচ্ছেদে মোক্ষ বিষয়ে তাহার আপত্তিসমূহ উপস্থাপন করিয়াছেন। চতুর্থ পরিচ্ছেদের প্রথম অধ্যায়ের প্রথম প্রकरण অবিদ্যানিবৃত্তি প্রकरणে আরম্ভে ন্যায়ামৃতকার অদ্বৈত বেদান্তীদের প্রশ্ন করিয়াছেন যে, অদ্বৈত বেদান্তী যে অবিদ্যার নিবৃত্তি বা অবিদ্যার অপগম মোক্ষস্বরূপ বলিয়া থাকেন তাহা যুক্তিসঙ্গত নহে, ইহাতে ন্যায়ামৃতকার অদ্বৈতীকে প্রশ্ন করিয়া থাকেন যে—

[5] AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF INSTRUCTIONAL LEADERSHIP ON STUDENT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT IN WEST BENGAL

2026-04-03T17:39:20+00:00

This experimental study examines the causal impact of instructional leadership on student academic achievement. The study aims to determine whether structured instructional leadership interventions can significantly improve students’ academic performance. A pre-test–post-test control group design was employed, involving two comparable groups—an experimental group and a control group. Both groups were initially assessed through a standardized achievement test to establish baseline performance. The experimental group was exposed to targeted instructional leadership practices, including classroom supervision, teacher mentoring, continuous feedback, and systematic academic monitoring. Meanwhile, the control group continued with traditional teaching methods without any additional leadership intervention. After the intervention period, both groups were administered a post-test to measure changes in academic achievement. Data were analyzed using the t-test to examine the significance of differences between the two groups. The results revealed a statistically significant improvement in the experimental group's academic performance compared to the control group. This finding indicates that instructional leadership has a positive effect on student achievement. The study also highlights that instructional leadership contributes indirectly by enhancing teacher effectiveness, supporting professional development, and fostering a positive learning environment. In conclusion, instructional leadership plays a vital role in improving student academic outcomes and should be emphasized in educational practice and policy.

[6] छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक गीतों की धार्मिक पृष्ठभूमि : राम के विशेष सन्दर्भ में

2026-04-05T08:09:05+00:00

(सारांश): मानव जीवन सुख दुःख की गाथा से जुड़ा हुआ है। जब कोई हर्ष या विषाद की घटना अप्रत्याशित रूप से घटित होती है, तब मन में वीणा के तार झंकृत हो उठते हैं। मानव मन से उसकी रसात्मक अनुभूति अनायास ही फूट निकलने को व्यग्र हो उठती है। छत्तीसगढ़ में लोक गीतों का विपुल भंडार है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक गीतों में सरलता के साथ-साथ भावनाओं की प्रबलता, सरसता तथा रागात्मकता के दर्शन होते हैं जो परम्परा विश्वास और धारणाओं से समृद्ध हैं। छत्तीसगढ़ धार्मिक भावना से ओतप्रोत है। यहाँ का जनमानस ईश्वर के अस्तित्व को किसी न किसी रूप में स्वीकार करता है। यहाँ की लोक संस्कृति में धर्म का विशेष स्थान है।

भारतीय वाङ्मय के आदि स्रोत के रूप में राम कथा विख्यात है। अपने उद्गम से अनेक रूपों में परिवर्तित होती हुई सूक्ष्म से विराट रूप धारण करती हुई मानव जीवन को मानवता के महत्तर आदर्शों एवं असाधारण मानव मूल्यों के प्रति आकर्षित करने वाली राम कथा जन-जन के मानस में समाहित है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोक गीतों में भी श्री राम आत्मा की तरह अवस्थित हैं। लोक जीवन में राम रचे हुए हैं। लोक का सम्पूर्ण जीवन ही राममय है। जीवन के हर सुख और दुःख में वह राम का ही स्मरण करता है। छत्तीसगढ़ी लोकगीतों में जहाँ श्री राम का व्यक्तित्व पुराणसम्मत तथा वाल्मीकि और तुलसी से विशेष रूप से प्रभावित है वहीं जनमानस की कल्पनाशीलता ने उसे नवीन रूपों में प्रतिष्ठापित किया है।

[7] ETHICS OF CARE AND HUMAN RESPONSIBILITY TOWARDS ANIMALS

2026-04-05T07:42:56+00:00

Ethical issues relating to the moral status of animals and the degree of human responsibility to animals have become a key point in modern ethical debate, especially in the view of ecological crises, industrial exploitation of animals and developing perceptions of animal sentience. The conventional ethical theories, including utilitarianism and rights-based ethics, have provided powerful theories to apply to animal ethics, but they both tend to work with abstract concepts that ignore emotional interaction, relationships, and moral experiences. The ethics of care started as a critique of mainstream paradigms of justice offers an approach to morality that is relational and context-sensitive, which prefigures empathy, compassion, interdependence, and responsibility. The paper discusses ethics of care as a moral theory of the human responsibility towards animals. It identifies the philosophical roots of care ethics, examines its key ideas, compares it to the mainstream anthropocentric ethical approaches, and determines its applicability to the field of animal ethics. The paper also interprets modern problems like animal farming, experimentation, wildlife preservation, and environmental pollution. Lastly, the paper states that ethics of care provides a morally attractive and pragmatically-based methodology of supporting more human and sustainable human-animal relationships.

[8] প্রাণীর নৈতিক অধিকার সংক্রান্ত মতবাদ: সমসাময়িক প্রাসঙ্গিকতা

2026-04-06T06:23:52+00:00

Among the various contemporary discourses, environmental ethics is notably complex, as it frequently presents profound moral dilemmas. A central concern within this field is the moral consideration of non-human animals. While this topic has historical philosophical roots, it gained significant momentum in the 1970s, eventually evolving into a global movement. Animal Ethics, a specialized branch of environmental ethics, advocates for the intrinsic value of animals and their right to exist and roam free from human interference. Historically, until the 17th century, the prevailing philosophical view—rooted in human rationality—relegated animals to mere instrumental or "mechanical" value, justifying their exploitation. However, this anthropocentric paradigm was challenged by Jeremy Bentham, who argued that the capacity to suffer, rather than rationality, is the true benchmark of morality. Furthermore, Darwinian theory suggested that emotional states like joy and pain are adaptive traits shared across species. Despite traditional moral frameworks prioritizing human status, modern animal rights advocates argue that non-human animals possess inherent rights. These rights constitute a legitimate claim to live without harm, establishing animals as beings of significant moral worth.

[9] FIBONACCI WAVELET OPERATIONAL MATRIX METHOD FOR A FRACTIONAL DENGUE TRANSMISSION MODEL WITH HUMAN–MOSQUITO DYNAMICS

2026-04-06T06:35:28+00:00

This study considers a fractional-order dengue transmission model incorporating hu man and mosquito populations. The human population is classified into susceptible, exposed, infected, and recovered compartments, while mosquitoes are divided into susceptible and infected classes. The model is formulated using Caputo fractional derivatives to account for memory effects inherent in epidemic processes.To compute approximate solutions, a Fibonacci wavelet operational matrix method is employed. The state variables are expanded in terms of Fibonacci wavelets, and the system is reduced to a set of nonlinear algebraic equations, which are solved numerically. Numerical simulations for varying fractional orders are conducted to examine the influence of memory on disease dynamics. The basic reproduction number is also derived to de termine the threshold for disease persistence. The results indicate that the fractional framework enhances modeling flexibility, while the proposed numerical scheme provides an efficient solution.

[10] FOLK TRADITIONS AND CULTURAL IDENTITY IN KANNADA LITERATURE

2026-04-08T18:12:51+00:00

Kannada literature represents one of India's most ancient and culturally rich literary traditions, deeply rooted in the folk life of Karnataka. Folk traditions encompassing oral narratives, songs, rituals, myths, proverbs, and performance arts — have played a central role in shaping the thematic, linguistic, and ideological foundations of Kannada literary expression over more than a millennium. This paper offers a comprehensive and critical examination of the role of folk traditions in the construction and continuity of cultural identity in Kannada literature across classical, medieval, modern, and contemporary periods. Adopting a qualitative and interpretative research methodology grounded in secondary sources, the study analyzes how folk elements function as repositories of collective memory, social values, and indigenous knowledge systems. The paper explores the intersections of folk traditions with agrarian life, ecological consciousness, gendered experiences, subaltern voices, and cultural resistance. It argues that folk traditions are not
peripheral influences but constitute the cultural core of Kannada literary consciousness. By integrating folk idioms, ritual practices, and oral aesthetics, Kannada writers have consistently negotiated identity, modernity, and social transformation. This research contributes to interdisciplinary scholarship in folklore studies, literary criticism, and cultural studies, offering insights relevant to regional literature and identity-based literary discourse.

[11] ADOPTION OF UPI IN INDIAN RURAL MARKETS: A STUDY ON CHANGING PURCHASE BEHAVIOUR IN THE FMCG SECTOR

2026-04-08T18:45:31+00:00

Background: The Unified Payments Interface (UPI), launched by the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) in 2016, has emerged as the world's most widely adopted real-time digital payment infrastructure, processing over 131 billion transactions worth INR 200 lakh crore in FY 2023-24. While urban adoption has been extensively studied, the transformative impact on rural India's consumption ecosystem—particularly in the Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) sector—remains inadequately explored in peer reviewed literature. Objectives: This study examines the adoption trajectory of UPI in Indian rural markets, analyses its influence on consumer purchase behaviour in the FMCG sector, identifies key barriers and enablers, and develops a predictive framework for rural digital payment diffusion. Methodology: Employing a secondary data analysis approach, this study synthesises data from NPCI Annual Reports (2019-2024), RBI Payment System Reports, Nielsen Rural FMCG Reports, PhonePe Pulse data, BCGFICCI digital adoption surveys, and TRAI internet penetration indicators. A meta-analytical review of 42 peer-reviewed studies (2017-2024) and TAMUTAUT model adaptation were applied. Multiple regression analysis on secondary panel data (15 states, 6 years = 90 state-year observations) was conducted. Findings: Rural UPI users grew from 38 million (2020-21) to 298 million (2023-24), representing a CAGR of 98.2%. Rural UPI adoption has significantly altered FMCG purchase behaviour: purchase frequency increased by 18.4%, average transaction value rose 24.7%, and basket size grew by 2.1 SKUs on average. Governance (perceived ease of use) emerged as the strongest predictor (beta=0.342, p<0.01) of UPI adoption intention, followed by digital infrastructure quality (beta=0.289) and perceived usefulness (beta=0.318). State-level analysis reveals significant heterogeneity, with Maharashtra (71.3%), Karnataka (68.4%), and Punjab (69.4%) leading rural UPI penetration, while Bihar (32.6%) and Madhya Pradesh (41.2%) lag significantly. Conclusion: UPI is catalysing a fundamental shift in rural India's FMCG purchase behaviour, acting as a financial inclusion lever that expands market access, boosts discretionary spending, and enables premium brand adoption. The study provides actionable policy recommendations for NPCI, FMCG companies, rural retailers, and state governments.

[12] THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN BASAVANNA VACHANAS: A CRITICAL STUDY

2026-04-08T19:05:01+00:00

This study undertakes a systematic critical analysis of the concept of human rights as embedded in Basavanna's Vachanas, examining: (i) the philosophical foundations of The Vachana literature of twelfth-century Karnataka, composed by the Sharanas (saint-poets) under the spiritual and social leadership of Basavanna (Basaveshwara, c. 1105–1167 CE), constitutes one of the most remarkable pre-modern articulations of human rights principles in world literary history. Written in vernacular Kannada—a deliberate political act against Sanskrit Brahminical hegemony—the approximately 2,650 authenticated Vachanas attributed to Basavanna contain sophisticated and systematic critiques of caste discrimination, gender inequality, occupational hierarchies, exploitative labour relations, and the denial of spiritual autonomy. These critiques anticipate, by seven centuries, the philosophical foundations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948) and the Indian Constitutional provisions on equality, non-discrimination, and dignity. human rights discourse in Veerashaiva theology; (ii) specific Vachanas addressing equality, labour dignity, women's rights, anti-caste praxis, and freedom of conscience; (iii) the institutional embodiment of human rights in the Anubhava Mantapa; (iv) comparative mapping with UDHR articles and Indian Constitutional provisions; and (v) the contemporary relevance of Vachana human rights philosophy for Dalit, feminist, and subaltern political movements. Employing a multidisciplinary critical approach combining close textual reading, historical contextualisation, comparative philosophy, and postcolonial literary theory, this study analyses 89 key Vachanas from the authenticated corpus. The theoretical framework draws on Ambedkarite anticaste philosophy, feminist literary criticism, Foucauldian discourse analysis, and postcolonial human rights theory (Baxi, 2002; Mignolo, 2000). The study demonstrates that Basavanna's Vachanas contain a coherent, radical, and systematically articulated human rights philosophy that: categorically rejects caste-based discrimination eight hundred years before the Indian Constitution's Article 17; affirms the dignity of manual labour through the Kayaka doctrine, anticipating ILO labour rights conventions; establishes women's equal participation in the Anubhava Mantapa, prefiguring democratic participation rights; articulates the Dasoha principle of redistributive justice, anticipating welfare rights; and asserts freedom of conscience against priestly intermediation, anticipating UDHR Article 18.

[13] PROVINCIALIZING ENGLISH: THE DECOLONIAL TURN IN ENGLISH STUDIES IN INDIA

2026-04-08T19:12:38+00:00

The study of English in Postcolonial India remains heavily influenced by colonial ideologies, academic structures and canon development. Post-colonial theory has been critical of colonial ideologies for many decades, but recently, academics and researchers have begun to re-evaluate their previous conceptual work, looking more towards what is called the 'decolonial turn' - a stronger, more revolutionary effort designed not just to critique, but also to take apart and substantially reshape the fundamental conceptual basis of English Studies. In relation to this re-evaluative process, this paper focuses on the decolonial turn in the field of English Studies with reference to India, emphasising how the decolonial turn shall impact canon development, pedagogy/teaching methods, language politics, and systems of knowledge development. By drawing on decolonial theorists such as Aníbal Quijano, Walter Mignolo and Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o to interconnect the theoretical underpinnings of their writings to current developments in the field of English Studies, the paper argues that English Studies must not simply add to existing knowledge, but must move towards a new epistemic basis by including indigenous knowledge systems, oral traditions, Dalit and Adivasi literature and multilingualism as a means of achieving this goal. The paper concludes that the decolonial turn will provide a new location for English studies to engage with contemporary socio-cultural realities in India, as a site for resistance, critical discussion and activism.

[14] বৈষ্ণব পদাবলী ও পূর্বরাগঃ একটি সংক্ষিপ্ত আলোচনা

2026-04-08T19:20:57+00:00

One of the significant branches of medieval literature is the Vaishnav Padavali. Vaishnav Padavali is primarily composed centering around Mahapravu Chaitnyadev and based on the love story of Radha-Krishna. However, this love is not ordinary human love; it is divine. When a devote attains the grace of god, and as a result, the desire for the four worldly pursuits disappears from the devotee’s heart, then the union between the devotee and God takes place. The awakening of pure consciousness in the devotee’s heart is referred to as ‘love’ in Vaishnava Padavali. In this work Ujjwalnilmoni, Rup Goswami explains that the feeling of love which arises before union- through hearing and seeing, and which awakens the hearts of the hero and heroine, is called Purvaraga. Various poets of Padavali have portrayed Radha and Krishna in such a way they have spread the eternal massage of love throughout the world. Many poets have composed verses on the theme of Purvaraga, but each has expressed it an a unique way. In some poems Radha appears as a young ascetic, whose desires remain unfulfilled and turn into the pain of separation. In others, Radha-Krishna become overwhelmed upon seeing each other, wandering in a dreamlike world and expressing their love to the entire universe. Through direct or indirect vision of each other, an intense emotional of love is revealed. Among the various emotional stages centered on the love of Radha and Krishna, Purvaraga is considered the most significant.

[15] NEED OF PROPER DATA ANALYSIS IN A MSME FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2026-04-11T05:54:26+00:00

Data analytics is a vital component of every high-quality research procedure. Data analytics focuses on data tabulation, data use, and data interpretation for the purpose of making predictions. Data analytics tools facilitate research by allowing for the extraction of actionable insights from company data. The goal of data analytics is to help people make better choices by cleaning, analyzing, interpreting, and visualizing data. The use of data analytics is crucial to the growth and success of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSME's). Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) play an important role in India's economy. They help to create jobs, have lower startup costs than large companies, and support the growth of industries in economically disadvantaged areas. MSMBs also promise to reduce regional inequality and make the country's income and wealth more evenly distributed. Micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) may prove to be an economic windfall for India in the years to come, according to studies. A potent instrument for harnessing India's natural riches, micro, small, and medium-sized businesses (MSMBs) also deliver steady social progress. Especially when established in economically depressed areas, MSMEs may help level the playing field.

[16] SPOUSAL AGE GAP AND MARITAL DYNAMICS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LOVE, ATTACHMENT-RELATED RELATIONAL FUNCTIONING, AND SEXUALITY AMONG MARRIED COUPLES IN WEST BENGAL

2026-04-11T06:01:58+00:00

Marriage remains one of the most enduring and psychologically significant forms of intimate partnership. Despite its importance, the dynamics of marital satisfaction and relationship quality in the context of spousal age gaps remain underexplored. This study examines how age disparities between spouses influence love styles, attachment-related relational functioning, and sexuality among married couples in West Bengal. A total of 200 participants were divided into two groups based on spousal age gap: 0–5 years and more than 5 years. Participants completed the Love Attitudes Scale-Short Form, Passionate Love Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, and Sexuality Scale to assess dimensions of romantic love, attachment, and sexuality. Statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the groups. Specifically, the 0–5 years age-gap group reported higher levels of passionate love, sexual esteem, and relationship functioning, whereas the more than 5 years age-gap group exhibited more practical love and higher scores on Eros and Agape love styles. These findings suggest that smaller age-gap marriages tend to be more emotionally intense and sexually confident, while larger age-gap marriages emphasise stability and practicality. This nuanced understanding of how age gaps mediate marital dynamics contributes significantly to the existing literature on relationship psychology, particularly within the understudied cultural context of India.

[17] A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CREATION MYTHS AMONG THE INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES OF JUNGLEMAHAL

2026-04-11T06:11:09+00:00

The forested borderlands of West Bengal and Jharkhand — historically known as Junglemahal — have been home to several distinct indigenous communities for millennia. Each of these communities carries its own story of how the world began, how human beings came to exist, and why things are the way they are. This chapter brings together the creation myths of five such communities: the Kudmi, the Santal, the Munda, the Oraon, and the Bhumij. Rather than treating these narratives as isolated curiosities, the chapter reads them as a family of stories — related, overlapping, and yet meaningfully different from each other. The comparison reveals patterns that run deep across the region: a world submerged in water at the beginning of time, a creator god who works gradually and sometimes imperfectly, the role of animals in helping bring the earth into being, the creation of humans from clay, a chance accident that disrupts the original plan, and the emergence of clan identity through totemic bonds with the natural world. At the same time, each community has its own emphases, its own cast of characters, and its own way of understanding what it means to be human and to belong to a community. Together, these myths form a rich, living archive of indigenous knowledge about the world, about society, and about the relationship between people and the land they have always called home.

[18] মধুসূদন দত্তের 'শকুন্তলা': পৌরাণিক বেষ্টনীতে আত্মসচেতন এক নারী

2026-04-15T06:07:29+00:00

পুরাণে এমন কিছু নারী চরিত্র আছে যাঁদের রূপ লাবণ্যে মুগ্ধ হয়ে তাঁদেরকে লাভ করার বাসনা নিয়ে তাঁদের দাবি পূরণ করবেন বলে প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ হয়েছিলেন সমৃদ্ধশালী রাজারা। সৌন্দর্যের মোহে পড়ে বিবাহ পূর্বে প্রতিজ্ঞাবদ্ধ হলেও পরবর্তীকালে বাস্তবের সাথে তাল মিলাতে গিয়ে তাঁরা সে কথা মনে রাখেননি। যেমন রামায়ণে রাজা দশরথ বিবাহ পূর্বে কেকয়ীকে কথা দেন যে তাঁর পুত্রকে রাজা করবেন, কিন্তু পরে সেই দাবী তাঁকে কিভাবে আদায় করতে হয় তা আমরা সবাই জানি। শকুন্তলাও সেইরূপ একজন নারী, রাজা দুষ্মন্ত কথা দিয়েছিলেন তাঁরই পুত্র ভবিষ্যতের রাজা হবেন এবং ঋষিকন্যা পাবেন রাজমহিষীর সম্মান। কিন্তু রাজা দীর্ঘ অপেক্ষার পরও ফিরে আসেননি। শকুন্তলা তাঁর অধিকার ফিরিয়ে নিতে পেরেছে এক দীর্ঘ লড়ায়ের মধ্য দিয়ে, যা খুব যে সহজ ছিল তা নয়। তাঁর অধিকার আদায়ের পূর্ব মুহূর্তের কাহিনিকে অবলম্বন করে কবি মাইকেল মধুসূদন দত্ত 'দুষ্মন্তের প্রতি শকুন্তলা' রচনা করেছেন, যা তাঁর "বীরাঙ্গনা" পত্রকাব্যের অন্তর্গত। যেখানে শকুন্তলাকে আরও বেশি আত্মসচেতন ও আধুনিক করে দেখালেন মধুসূদন দত্ত।

অপূর্ব দক্ষতায় সেখানে শকুন্তলাকে তিনি দেখালেন অতি আধুনিকা নারীরূপে। যিনি শেষ মুহূর্ত পর্যন্ত জীবনের আশা ছাড়েন না, ইতিবাচকতার পথে চলতে এবং তা স্বীকার করতেও দ্বিধা বোধ করেন না, জীবনের আশা সহজে ত্যাগ করেন না। যিনি স্বামীকে তাঁর পরিস্থিতির কথা সুন্দরভাবে গুছিয়ে বলতে সক্ষম। নিজে সরাসরি পতি নিন্দা না করলেও লোকে যে তাঁর স্বামী সম্পর্কে খারাপ সিছে সমাজ যে তাঁর স্বামী সম্পর্কে খারাপ বলছে তাও সুকৌশলে স্বামীকে বুঝিয়ে দেন তিনি। এই বুদ্ধিমত্তা শকুন্তলাকে এক অন্যরকম তাৎপর্যে মন্ডিত করে। যদিও তিনি পত্রে নিজেকে দাসী, পদযুগলের সেবিকা ইত্যাদি বলে অভিহিত করেছেন তবু তার পত্রে এক অপূর্ব ব্যক্তিত্বের প্রকাশ আমরা লক্ষ্য করি।

[19] RISING TEMPERATURE AND ITS IMPACT ON LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY WITH REFERENCE TO HILLY REGION OF EASTERN INDIA

2026-04-15T06:17:10+00:00

Climate change has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century. Rising temperatures, a key indicator of climate change, significantly affect ecosystems, particularly in hilly regions where biodiversity is highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations. This paper investigates the impact of rising temperatures on the biodiversity of the hilly regions of Eastern India, emphasizing the ecological imbalance, species migration, habitat loss, and decline in endemic flora and fauna. The study underscores the urgent need for climate mitigation and adaptive conservation strategies to safeguard the unique biodiversity of this region. ising temperatures exacerbate soil erosion, reduce water availability, and alter microclimatic conditions, further intensifying ecological stress. The decline in forest cover, coupled with anthropogenic pressures, has accelerated the loss of biodiversity, threatening ecosystem services crucial for local communities. The study underscores the urgent need for integrated climate mitigation policies, adaptive conservation strategies, and community-based ecological management to preserve the unique biodiversity of Eastern India’s hilly landscapes. By highlighting the complex interactions between climate change and biodiversity, this research aims to inform policymakers, conservationists, and stakeholders about proactive measures necessary for sustaining ecological balance.

[20] REWRITING MYTH, REWRITING GENDER: INDIAN POPULAR FICTION AS FEMINIST INTERVENTION

2026-04-15T06:30:06+00:00

This paper examines how contemporary Indian popular fiction reimagines mythological narratives to challenge and reconstruct gender roles. Focusing primarily on The Palace of Illusions by Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni alongside select comparative texts, the paper argues that mythological retellings function as powerful feminist interventions within popular literature. By foregrounding female subjectivity, reclaiming silenced voices, and interrogating patriarchal structures embedded in canonical texts like the Mahabharata, such narratives destabilize traditional gender hierarchies. Drawing upon theoretical frameworks from The Second Sex and Gender Trouble, the paper explores how gender is reconstructed as fluid, performative, and historically contingent. Ultimately, the study situates Indian popular fiction within broader debates on gender, authorship, and cultural memory.

[21] MIGRATION PATTERNS AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ZARI WORKERS OF HOWRAH DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL

2026-04-15T06:40:17+00:00

This paper explores the migration and socio-economic realities of Zari artisans in Howrah district, West Bengal, with a focus on gender and informal labour structures. It traces the movement of skilled artisans from Uttar Pradesh in the 1950s, driven by declining traditional patronage and the search for better economic opportunities. Their settlement in areas such as Panchla, Domjur, and Uluberia led to the growth of vibrant Zari clusters and the transfer of specialised skills, shaping a unique hybrid craft tradition. The study highlights the crucial yet often invisible role of women, who largely engage in home-based embroidery work. Despite their significant contribution to household incomes, they face multiple constraints, including limited mobility, lack of recognition, and restricted access to resources and markets. The paper also examines the impact of recent crises, particularly demonetization and the COVID-19 pandemic, which severely disrupted livelihoods, triggered reverse migration, and exposed the fragility of this cash-dependent informal sector. Overall, the study shows that while migration has historically supported the growth of the Zari industry, it has also produced enduring vulnerabilities. It calls for more inclusive and gender-sensitive policy measures to support artisans and sustain this traditional craft.

[22] THE IMPACT OF HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN ON TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION AND HEAT TRANSFER RATE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

2026-04-15T06:53:01+00:00

Heat exchangers play a crucial role in modern thermal systems by enabling efficient heat transfer between fluids at different temperatures. Their performance significantly influences energy efficiency in industries such as power generation, chemical processing, refrigeration, and HVAC systems. The design parameters of heat exchangers—including geometry, flow configuration, baffle design, tube arrangement, and surface enhancement— strongly affect temperature distribution and heat transfer rate. This review paper investigates the influence of heat exchanger design on thermal performance and highlights recent developments in optimization techniques and predictive modeling. Particular emphasis is placed on shell-and-tube heat exchangers due to their widespread industrial application. The review also discusses modern design improvements such as helical baffles, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis, and artificial intelligencebased prediction models. Studies by Prasad and Sinha (2023a; 2023b) demonstrate the potential of optimization algorithms and neural networks in enhancing heat transfer while reducing pressure drop. Through a systematic review of previous studies, this paper identifies the key factors affecting heat exchanger performance and outlines future research directions for improving thermal efficiency and energy sustainability.